VPN Plus+ ExclusiveUnraveling pelvic limb dysfunction in a young canine patientJanuary 21, 2026This article features a puppy with an acute, progressive onset of pelvic limb dysfunction. The purpose of this article is to guide the reader through: 1)The process of determining the affected anatomic region 2) Generating a list of differential diagnoses 3) Determining the diagnostic plan 4) Formulating treatment options
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VPN Plus+ ExclusiveHow to determine an orthopedic or a neurologic cause of dysfunctionAugust 31, 2023Through text, photos, and videos, Susan A. Arnold, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology), aids the general practitioner in determining if a patient is experiencing an orthopedic or a neurologic cause of dysfunction. Specifically, there are notable orthopedic conditions that may be considered “neurologic imposters.” However, these orthopedic conditions lack key deficits consistent with neurologic dysfunction. These “neurologic imposters” are addressed below to aid the clinician in the evaluation of patients that are presented for gait dysfunction.
VPN Plus+ ExclusiveIdentifying and treating vestibular diseaseJuly 21, 2022There are four hallmark signs of vestibular dysfunction. Some animals have all four; others may have some, but not all. These signs will allow you to confirm your patient has vestibular dysfunction. They will not, however, enable you to distinguish between the three vestibular localizations (peripheral vestibular disease, central vestibular disease, and paradoxical vestibular disease).
