Presentation A three-year-old female spayed Doberman Pinscher is presented for chronic left hind limb lameness. Photo courtesy Dr. Kendra Freeman Challenge 1) A simple transverse femur fracture is ideal for fixation with an intramedullary pin and cerclage wire. a. True b. False 2) The fracture is best described as: a. Well-healed b. Delayed union c. Malunion 3) Which of the following are risk factors for development of delayed or non-union fractures? a. Older age b. Comminuted fracture c. Surgical site infection d. Implant failure e. All of the above References Marshall WG, Filliquist B, Tzimtzimis E, et al. Delayed union, non-union and mal-union in 442 dogs. Veterinary Surgery. 2022;51(7):1087‐1095. Palmer, R. H. (2015) “Nonunion, Delayed Union, and Malunion”, Mechanisms of Disease in Small Animal Surgery (3rd Edition). Available at: https://www.ivis.org/library/mechanisms-of-disease-small-animal-surgery-3rd-ed/nonunion-delayed-union-and-malunion (Accessed: 16 February 2025).
