Thyroid Diagnosis, Treatment Options EvolveApril 17, 2009 Options for diagnosing and treating the most common thyroid conditions in dogs and cats are far from stagnant. “I always tell our students that if we proportioned the hours of our teaching of endocrinology to be consistent with the likelihood of seeing a problem in practice, I estimate that we’d spend 70 to 80 percent of our time teaching about thyroid disease,” says Duncan Ferguson, VMD. Dr. Ferguson, Ph.D., Dipl. ACVIM and ACVCP, is a professor of pharmacology and head of the department of veterinary biosciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In dogs and cats, two thyroid conditions are by far the most prevalent. “In dogs, the most common thyroid condition is hypothyroidism, with 50 percent lymphocytic thyroiditis and 50 percent idiopathic atrophy,” says Julie Flood, DVM, who works in the internal medicine department at Advanced Critical Care & Internal Medicine in Tustin and Culver City, Calif. “It is currently unknown if the idiopathic atrophy is the end result of lymphocytic thyroiditis. “In cats, the most common thyroid condition is hyperthyroidism—with more than 95 percent secondary to functional thyroid adenomas,” she adds. “Thyroid carcinomas are rare.” Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism …
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Diagnosis For Chesapeake Bay RetrieverApril 17, 2009 Signalment: Tango is a 7-year-old male castrated Chesapeake Bay retriever. History: Tango recently has become lethargic and has been coughing. This became noticeable in the last three days. The owner has also noticed some weight loss. Physical Examination: T: 98.9 P: 240 R: 48 Tango has lost some muscle mass giving him a body condition score of four out of nine. A gallop rhythm is heard as well as a 2/6 systolic murmur with point of maximal intensity over the mitral valve. The rhythm sounds very irregular. Some fluid is appreciated in the abdomen. Pulses are rapid and irregular. An ECG is obtained. 1. What is the rate and rhythm on this ECG tracing? 2. What are some proposed causes of this ECG change and what effects does it have on the patient’s cardiovascular status? 3. What treatment is recommended for this rhythm? 4. What other diagnostics are appropriate for Tango? 5. What is the prognostic significance of this rhythm? Answers: 1. The rate on this tracing is around 260 BPM, given the marked variation in the R-to-R interval it would be important to determine the heart rate …
Surgical Advances Provide Options In Treating Common Eye ConditionsApril 17, 2009 Small animal ophthalmology has seen both incremental and significant advances in awareness and treatment in recent years. But multiple areas remain in which enhanced treatment options would be welcomed by specialists, general practitioners and pet owners alike. “If you look at diseases that affect the eye, I don’t think they’ve changed much over the years,” says David Wilkie, DVM, Dipl. ACVO, head of the comparative ophthalmology department at Ohio State University. “Many of the conditions are seen in purebred dogs because they are inherited or breed-associated. So what drives trends in ophthalmology are the breeds that are popular at the time.” Disease Trends One such breed-related condition is eyelid imperfections. “As the trend in breeding brachycephalic pets becomes more popular, we see a huge trend in poor eyelid conformation,” says Teresa Tucci, DVM, Dipl. ACVO, of Veterinary Specialists Inc. in Homestead, Fla. “Corneal neovascularization, pigmentation, ulceration and perforation can be incited by eyelid imperfections.” Dr. Tucci notes that many conditions related to poor eyelid conformation can be corrected or prevented, particularly if detected and treated early. Although occurrence of eye-related conditions in small animals remains fairly constant, the rate at which …
Pain Control In Cancer ManagementApril 17, 2009 As cancer progresses, tissue destruction occurs, causing the release of cell membranes, cytosolic proteins and nuclei acid. The inflammation created is painful and can stimulate additional angiogenesis, cell cycle initiation and cancer progression. In this Oncology Outlook, I want to propose a “pain ladder” that provides guidance in the management of cancer pain and reviews measures used in our clinical facility. Pain Levels The goal of a pain management strategy is to relieve pain and prevent or delay additional complications. In human medicine, the World Health Organization recommends the use of a one through 10 scale to characterize the severity of pain and provide guidance in selecting appropriate pain relief measures. While many others use scales, algorithms or charts to track an animal’s pain, I propose the following three categories of cancer pain and suggest some measures for additional relief. Mild to Moderate Pain: This occurs as a tumor compresses surrounding tissues and is possibly warm to the touch, but the general aches or stiffness do not limit a pet’s duration of normal activity. Cautious but regular use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug would be the first choice. Following some reconstructive surgical procedures …
Vets Promote Summer Safety To Pet OwnersApril 17, 2009 With summer around the corner, veterinarians and animal organizations are preparing pet owners for the hot days to come. A lot of summer safety warnings concern how to beat the heat and prevent heat stroke. But other health concerns also loom, says Louise Murray, DVM, Dipl. ACVIM, director of medicine for the ASPCA Bergh Memorial Animal Hospital in New York. High-rise syndrome is a big concern, especially in Manhattan, she says. When the weather warms up, people open their windows, many of which don’t have screens. Cats (and even some dogs) looking out the window may slip or try to catch a leaf or butterfly floating by. “It is incredibly common,” Dr. Murray says, adding that they see about a case or more every day. If the fall doesn’t kill them, it usually causes severe injuries like ruptured lungs, multiple fractured limbs and fractured jaw, or even all of the above, she says. Veterinarians need to spread the word about window screens, Murray says. “You wouldn’t leave a window open for your kids., Why would you for your cats?” she adds. Veterinarians should be proactive and communicate with clients about summer safety, …
Technology Predetermines Dog SexesApril 17, 2009 The world’s first dogs to have been sex-selected before conception have been born, according to XY Inc., a company based in Fort Collins, Colo., that developed the XY Sex Selection Technology. The black Labrador pups—three female and two male—join a line of other animal species that the company says has produced sex-selected offspring. Species include the domestic cat, cattle, horses, sheep, elk, the bottle-nosed dolphin and the Mediterranean water buffalo. “Using sex-sorted sperm to artificially inseminate dogs is probably not too practical for typical breeding,” said Greg Burns, DVM, owner of South Mesa Veterinary Hospital in Fort Collins and part of XY’s research team. “However, for specialty breeding, this is a major breakthrough with great potential.” One example is in the case of Seeing-Eye dogs. Female Labradors are typically desired for their calm and gentle disposition and intelligence. “The Seeing Eye would find it very helpful if some litters could be produced that are mostly females, and I believe that access to sex-selection technology would be useful to dog guide schools around the world,” said Eldin Leighton, the Jane H. Booker director of canine genetics for The Seeing Eye, which breeds dogs. XY …
Nutritional Advances Aid In Prevention, Treatment Of IllnessApril 17, 2009 The importance of proper pet nutrition, long understood and preached by the veterinary community, is catching on among pet owners as well. “Veterinarians are being approached by clients on a more regular basis for recommendations on what their pets should be eating,” says Amy Dicke, DVM, technical services veterinarian for The Iams Co. in Dayton, Ohio. “Owners are becoming more concerned about their pets’ diets, so veterinarians have to be more comprehensive in dealing with the topic of nutrition.” Nutritional Trends A key trend driving nutrition for dogs and cats is the shift toward a preventive model of veterinary medicine. “Prevention is much easier than treatment,” says Brent Mayabb, DVM, technical services manager for Royal Canin Veterinary Diets in Saint Charles, Mo. “Many conditions in pets can be prevented through proper nutrition, and the veterinary community overall is becoming more savvy in this area.” Obesity in pets is one example of a condition that can often be averted with preventive nutrition and treated with specialty diets as well. As pet owners become aware of the need to manage their pets’ weight, they often invest in the growing number of veterinary diets …
With Prosthetics, Husky Walks AgainApril 17, 2009 A formerly abused amputee dog has regained the ability to walk thanks to a series of groundbreaking prosthetic implant surgeries. Triumph, a 4-year-old Siberian husky found on the side of a road in Adana, Turkey, with both her hind legs cut off, is the first canine to receive permanent prosthetic legs, according to Denver’s Alameda East Veterinary Hospital. Triumph was adopted by a woman in Nashville, Tenn., and taken to Robert Taylor, DVM, who performed the surgeries. The task of developing custom artificial legs and surgically implanting them began more than a year ago and required a three-phase approach. The initial implants for Triumph’s back legs were provided in late 2005. In 2006, Triumph returned to Colorado for follow-up visits and improvements. The most recent and final phase included another adjustment surgery in December. Triumph’s implant surgeries are now complete and she is walking and running every day with her new legs, according to the hospital. Taylor had the help of some key companies to give Triumph her permanent prosthetic legs, including Ultramet, which made the porous tantalum body for the implant, and BioMedtrix, which helped with the design. The material used to …
World’s Tallest Dog Helps Promote Heart Disease TestApril 17, 2009 Veterinary Diagnostics Institute of Irvine, Calif., has teamed up with the Guinness World Record’s tallest living dog to promote a new blood test designed to help diagnose heart disease or heart failure in dogs. Gibson is a great Dane owned by Sandy Hall, a breeder from Grass Valley, Calif. “Great Danes are among those breeds of dog commonly affected by heart disease,” says Steven R. Ness, president and chief operating officer of Veterinary Diagnostics Institute, also known as VDxI. “In fact, about 15 percent of dogs have some form of heart disease, often with no noticeable signs.” Ness says some dogs with heart disease are asymptomatic and others may exhibit signs that may be mistaken for other health problems. “Some signs include cough, lethargy and difficulty breathing,” Ness says. The company is promoting its new Canine CardioCare blood test that measures brain natriuretic peptide levels, or NT-proBNP. These levels flag potential cardiovascular disease and help veterinarians create diagnostic protocols to diagnose various diseases of the canine heart. Veterinarians interested in testing a patient’s NT-proBNP levels can visit VDxI’s website to sign up as a client. VDxI then sends a complete supply kit …
Cyclosporine Therapy In Veterinary DermatologyJuly 29, 2008 Treating canine and feline dermatoses with cyclosporine has been the subject of great interest in recent years.1 Many studies have focused on canine atopic dermatitis, and now there is substantial evidence that cyclosporine is efficacious in treating this common condition.2 In addition, cyclosporine has been used to treat a number of recalcitrant skin diseases, ranging from canine perianal fistulas to feline eosinophilic granuloma complex. Cyclosporine is a potent immunomodulating polypeptide originally isolated from the soil fungus Tolypocladium inflatum. By inhibiting the production of IL-2, IL-4 and other cytokines, cyclosporine is effective in controlling the inflammation associated with many allergic and immune-mediated skin diseases. Atopica (cyclosporine, modified; Novartis Animal Health, Inc.) was approved for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis in 2003. It is available in 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg capsules. Compared to the original form, this micro-emulsified version of cyclosporine increases the oral bioavailability and consistency of absorption in dogs.3 Food in the gastrointestinal tract decreases absorption by about 20 percent. The drug is metabolized primarily in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. Drugs metabolized by the …
